{"id":2028,"date":"2023-03-02T11:37:57","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T11:37:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/?p=2028"},"modified":"2023-03-07T14:14:49","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T14:14:49","slug":"que-son-els-videojocs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/?p=2028","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els videojocs?"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n\t\t<style>\r\n\t\t\t.huge-it-share-buttons {\r\n\t\t\t\tborder:0px solid #0FB5D6;\r\n\t\t\t\tborder-radius:5px;\r\n\t\t\t\tbackground:#3BD8FF;\r\n\t\t\t text-align:left; \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\t#huge-it-share-buttons-top {margin-bottom:0px;}\r\n\t\t\t#huge-it-share-buttons-bottom {margin-top:0px;}\r\n\r\n\t\t\t.huge-it-share-buttons h3 {\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-size:25px ;\r\n\t\t\t\tfont-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;\r\n\t\t\t\tcolor:#666666;\r\n\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:block;\t\t\t\tline-height:25px ;\r\n\r\n\t\t\t text-align:left; 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https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/BERTIE-THE-BRAIN.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2035\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Font: Electronic Squid. Danny Kaye beats Bertie the Brain at Tic-Tac-Toe. (Bernard Hoffman. 1950)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>La pregunta de sempre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El terme videojoc apareix en diccionaris i revistes per volts de 1973. Segons sembla, el fundador d&#8217;Atari, <strong>Nolan Bushnell<\/strong>, l&#8217;havia fet servir privadament el 1972, per\u00f2 fou la revista <em>Cash Box<\/em> qui el va publicar per primer cop per referir-se al <em>PONG<\/em> (1972). Poc despr\u00e9s, el novembre del 73 publicava la seg\u00fcent cita de Bushnell: \u00ab<em>Video games are just the first step toward putting coin boxes on the products of our space age technology<\/em>\u00bb. Ara b\u00e9, fins al 1976 el terme no apareix registrat en les patents (Smith, 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fins que el terme no va quallar amb la popularitzaci\u00f3 del fam\u00f3s arcade, els termes usats per a designar-los denotaven, entre d&#8217;altres, el canal visual: <em>game, video skill game, space age game, television skill game, electronic ping pong game, video reaction game<\/em>, <em>TV Gaming Display, TV Game, electronic game<\/em>, etc. A la ind\u00fastria li quedava clar que jugar a un videojoc significava jugar amb un control en una pantalla de CRT.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tant <strong>Ralph Baer<\/strong> com Nolan Bushnell havien treballat amb sistemes d\u2019imatge rasteritzada en pantalles de CRT. Per la seva banda, Baer (2001) considerava que el component clau que defineix el \u00abvideojoc\u00bb \u00e9s precisament la pantalla CRT \u2013citat per Rough (2017, p. 33). L&#8217;inventor de la consola dom\u00e8stica defensava aix\u00ed el seu paper clau en la nova ind\u00fastria, per\u00f2 trencant amb un passat de dispositius d\u2019imatge vectorial i oscil\u00b7loscopis, relegats a entreteniments de fira.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Per\u00f2 si definim els videojocs com es feia fa 50 anys ens trobem amb fortes limitacions. S\u00f3n videojocs els codis programats per a servidors de la d\u00e8cada anterior? Ho s\u00f3n l&#8217;<em>OXO <\/em>(1952) i l&#8217;<em>Spacewar <\/em>(1962) o quedarien fora de la definici\u00f3? Ho pot ser un codi desat en cinta perforada i executat per un teletip endollat a un ordinador sense monitor? Un programa d&#8217;una calculadora cient\u00edfica? I per acabar, els jocs no-visuals, com l\u2019audiojoc <a href=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/gameplay\/\"><em>A Blind Legend <\/em><\/a>(2015)\u00a0s\u00f3n videojocs?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Podr\u00edem superar l&#8217;obstacle amb la idea que \u00abel mot no fa la cosa\u00bb, per\u00f2 llavors ens trobem que la definici\u00f3 encara se&#8217;ns escapa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Una proposta m\u00e9s recent seria la de <strong>Gina Tost<\/strong> i <strong>Oriol Boira<\/strong> (2015, p. 35) \u00abels videojocs s\u00f3n jocs digitals\u00bb. Aquesta definici\u00f3 va molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 del r\u00e0ster de Baer i engloba qualsevol programa en codi binari de finalitat l\u00fadica sense considerar el tipus de canal. Aix\u00ed doncs, s\u00f3n videojocs tots els jocs executats en codi binari. Si b\u00e9 resol bona part del problema de classificaci\u00f3 encara pot plantejar algun dubte: qu\u00e8 fa que un videojoc sigui un joc? Podria un joc electromec\u00e0nic que fes servir l\u00f2gica bin\u00e0ria considerar-se un videojoc?<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2031\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2031\" class=\"wp-image-2031 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-1024x1018.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-1024x1018.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-768x763.jpg 768w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-1536x1526.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-2048x2035.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/thesumeriangame-144x144.jpg 144w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2031\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Font: A critical hit! Rare photo used in unknown publication dated Feb 28, 1968. (Scanned by Frank Cifaldi.)<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>La filosofia del videojoc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si deixem de banda els enginyers i preguntem als acad\u00e8mics la dificultat tot just comen\u00e7a. Rough (2017, p. 25) considera que el concepte <strong>est\u00e0 fixat hist\u00f2ricament<\/strong> i, per tant, evoluciona tecnol\u00f2gicament, tot incorporant elements que no li s\u00f3n propis. Podr\u00edem parlar del llenguatge del cinema, o dels videojocs auditius, per\u00f2 posem per cas els <strong><em>non-game games<\/em><\/strong>, aquests \u00absimuladors\u00bb o mons oberts on fas coses sense objectiu, obstacles o puntuacions: ens trobem amb \u00abvideojocs\u00bb que no s\u00f3n jocs pr\u00f2piament sin\u00f3 m\u00e9s aviat representacions interactives. Per a Rough (2017, 29-36) queda clar que \u00abno tots els videojocs s\u00f3n jocs\u00bb, i que poden haver-hi videojocs sense narrativa com el <em>Pong<\/em> o el <em>Tetris<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Potser una soluci\u00f3 a aquest problema dels <em>non-game games<\/em> sigui considerar <strong><em>l\u2019actitud<\/em> <\/strong>del jugador i no solament les regles, mitjans i objectius, tal com proposa Bernard Suits (2014) \u2013citat per Rough (2017, p. 30). Aix\u00ed doncs, l&#8217;actitud del \u00abjugar per jugar\u00bb o perqu\u00e8 simplement ens agrada podria identificar l\u2019experi\u00e8ncia del videojoc. Tanmateix, Rough suggereix l<strong>\u2019experi\u00e8ncia est\u00e8tica<\/strong> com a un altre element definidor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aquests videojocs-que-no-s\u00f3n-jocs recorden les paraules de Roger Callois sobre els dos tipus de jocs que hi ha: els reglamentaris (on les regles creen una ficci\u00f3) i els ficticis (els que no tenen regles). M&#8217;inclino a pensar que aquests responen al segon tipus, \u00e9s a dir, que <strong>la ficci\u00f3 de simular quelcom<\/strong>: \u00abA pesar del car\u00e1cter parad\u00f3jico de la afirmaci\u00f3n, yo diria que aqu\u00ed, la ficci\u00f3n, el sentimiento del como si, remplaza la regla y la llena exactamente de la misma funci\u00f3n\u00bb (Callois, 1958, p. 19). L&#8217;\u00fanic mat\u00eds que hi afegiria \u00e9s que els videojocs varen ser pensats i creats origin\u00e0riament com a jocs reglamentaris.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Com en el seu dia va fer <a href=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/el-hombre-que-juega-i\/\">Huizinga<\/a> (2002), definint els jocs competitius amb <em>competici\u00f3, vertigen, atzar<\/em> i <em>representaci\u00f3, <\/em>avui es poden trobar noves propostes pels videojocs. No falta qui considera l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia del videojoc amb indicadors mesurables: \u00ab<em>algoritme<\/em>, <em>activitat del jugador<\/em>, <em>interf\u00edcie<\/em> i <em>gr\u00e0fics<\/em>\u00bb (Holland et al., 2003). Ni tampoc qui els considera des del disseny interactiu: \u00ab<em>conducta, est\u00e8tica, espai i temps\u00bb <\/em>(Antonelli, 2022). N&#8217;hi ha, fins i tot, que se centren en l&#8217;experi\u00e8ncia fenom\u00e8nica: <em>intensitat<\/em>, <em>multiplicitat d\u2019opcions<\/em>, <em>flu\u00efdesa<\/em> i <em>llibertat de<\/em> <em>decisi\u00f3 <\/em>(Cremin, 2016).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El fil\u00f2sof i investigador Veli-Matti (2015) adverteix que un videojoc \u00e9s quelcom dif\u00edcil de definir taxativament perqu\u00e8 la difer\u00e8ncia essencial amb el joc anal\u00f2gic \u00e9s marginal. L&#8217;\u00fanica difer\u00e8ncia essencial seria que els videojocs s\u00f3n \u00abartefactes que avaluen la interacci\u00f3 del jugador\u00bb. A m\u00e9s, l&#8217;autor aixopluga els videojocs sota el paraigua de la <em>gamificaci\u00f3, <\/em>des d&#8217;on els videojocs s\u00f3n considerats una esp\u00e8cie de jocs evolucionats tecnol\u00f2gicament dins del proc\u00e9s cultural de <strong>ludificaci\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Amb tot, encara hi ha jocs no-digitals que compleixen la mateixa condici\u00f3: l&#8217;autor reflexiona sobre si les <strong>m\u00e0quines del mili\u00f3<\/strong> poden ser-ne una objecci\u00f3. En aquest sentit, acaba reduint la difer\u00e8ncia a la cita de la tesi doctoral de Sara Iversen (2010): \u00ab<em>the only radically novel about computer games in comparison with analogue games are their ever increasing ability to handle vast amounts of information extremely quickly and the machine\u2019s position as referee as well as definer and executer of mechanisms\u00bb <\/em>Veli-Matti (2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El debat s\u2019amplia si es comparen els jocs anal\u00f2gics amb els digitals. Christopher Bartel (2017) considera que tots els jocs s\u2019identifiquen principalment per les <strong>regles<\/strong> i les <strong>habilitats<\/strong> requerides, si b\u00e9 la seva <strong>representaci\u00f3<\/strong> tamb\u00e9 pot esdevenir un element identificador. A m\u00e9s, tots els jocs poden ser <strong>transm\u00e8dia <\/strong>i reproduir altres jocs d&#8217;un altre mitj\u00e0. Aix\u00ed doncs, els jocs poden <em>implementar<\/em> les mateixes regles i habilitats o <em>adaptar-les<\/em>, tot modificant-les: poden ser id\u00e8ntics o cl\u00f2nics, o diferenciar-se com a esp\u00e8cies d\u2019un mateix g\u00e8nere. Aix\u00f2 passa sovint quan juguem a versions digitals de jocs de taula o amb simuladors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De fet, la interpretaci\u00f3 postestructuralista dels videojocs considera que els videojocs aut\u00e8ntics pertanyen exclusivament l<strong>\u2019esfera digital<\/strong>: \u00absi el joc pot ser reprodu\u00eft fora de l\u2019esfera digital sense comprometre la jugabilitat, llavors no \u00e9s un videojoc\u00bb (Cremin, 2016, p. 60). Aquest acostament exclouria les <em>implementacions<\/em> de jocs de taula, com els escacs digitals.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2032\" style=\"width: 710px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2032\" class=\"wp-image-2032 size-full\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/michigan-pool.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"664\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/michigan-pool.jpg 700w, https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/michigan-pool-300x285.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2032\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Font: Mass: Werk. A game of Pool on MIDSAC, 1954.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Conclusi\u00f3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ens inclinem a favor d&#8217;una definici\u00f3 del terme videojoc relativa al nivell tecnol\u00f2gic de l\u2019\u00e8poca, ja que la seva definici\u00f3 etimol\u00f2gica \u00e9s insuficient. Tamb\u00e9, considerem que la interactivitat pr\u00f2pia dels videojocs \u00e9s adaptable a altres mitjans, sense necessitat de ser definits pels objectius i normes que defineixen el joc tradicional. A m\u00e9s a m\u00e9s, la ludificaci\u00f3 digital ha dut el concepte del joc a un nivell on la seva definici\u00f3 l\u00edquida s&#8217;escola com a recurs cl\u00ednic i d\u2019aprenentatge. Resumint, tot i seguir identificant els videojocs com una interacci\u00f3 amb un dispositiu digital, avui dia no es pot reduir el concepte \u00fanicament al de la ind\u00fastria tradicional.<\/p>\n<p><em>(Ignoreu l&#8217;aparell de citacions, donat que es tracta de la publicaci\u00f3 d&#8217;un assaig m\u00e9s llarg i encara est\u00e0 \u00aben proves\u00bb. Si us interessa la font contacteu amb mi \ud83d\ude09<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Share This: La pregunta de sempre El terme videojoc apareix en diccionaris i revistes per volts de 1973. Segons sembla, el fundador d&#8217;Atari, Nolan Bushnell, l&#8217;havia fet servir privadament el 1972, per\u00f2 fou la revista Cash Box qui el va &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/?p=2028\">Sigue leyendo <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2035,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[150,5],"tags":[1155,1163,1161,1156,1171,1164,1158,41,1157,1165,355,1167,1162,1168,1159,1166,111,1160,725],"class_list":["post-2028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-esbozos","category-todo","tag-baer","tag-bartel","tag-boira","tag-bushnell","tag-callois","tag-cremin","tag-definicio","tag-filosofia","tag-game-studies","tag-holland","tag-huizinga","tag-magnabox","tag-matti","tag-pong","tag-rough","tag-suits","tag-tetris","tag-tost","tag-videojocs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2028"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2028\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2078,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2028\/revisions\/2078"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2028"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/elecosinpasos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}